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I am constantly asked what the big differences are between road bikes and triathlon bikes. The obvious difference is the fact that one races a triathlon in an aero position, but sometimes we see aerobars on road bikes so what is the real difference? There is a smaller difference between uci legal time trial bikes and triathlon bikes, though they look very similar. The short answer is, road bikes are designed to have three hand positions, triathlon bikes are designed to have one. Just because a road bike has clip on aerobars, it does not imply that it is a purpose built triathlon bike.
Draft legal triathlons are the one area where a road bike is used with little stub aerobars, but positionally speaking, I call them road bikes. They are designed to be able to do all that a road racing bike does and in fact, bicycle racers use the aero position of a draft legal triathletes all the time.
Time trial bikes that are uci legal have saddles that are set back further than triathlon bikes. The bike is setup so the rider has to actually ride on the nose of the saddle (on the rivet, as they say) to get the proper balance point for the effort being produced. The harder one pedals, the farther forward their balance point moves. Since a time trialist is racing at max effort, the most efficient position is in front of the comfortable point on the saddle, so riders just tough it out. They don't have to be comfortable and their events are rarely longer than about an hour so who cares?
Triathlon bikes are designed to be ridden for longer distances and at a submaximal pace. This means that the rider will be putting more weight on the saddle and aerobars because they are not pounding the pedals hard enough to support themselves. As such, the saddle and aerobars are located in the place the rider is the most efficient or most aerodynamic. The reason I distinguish between the two is traditional triathlon positions are very far forward to accommodate a triathlete's greater hip angle needs and to allow a super aero position.
My problem with this position is twofold. First, the position is not powerful and many triathletes give up more power than is gained by pure aerodynamics. Second, the further forward one is positioned relative to their balance point, the more front loading occurs on the knees and overcompensation by quadriceps occurs. This muscle imbalance is paid for in the transition and the start of the run.
The perfect triathlon position is the one where the rider is as strong and aero as possible, with enough comfort to be able to stay in the aerobars the entire event. This is a biggie. If you have to sit up during a race to rest because the aero position is not sustainable, you have a problem. You will be going slower and you will be more fatigued in the run. Remember, though, power trumps aerodynamics to a point, so your best position may not be where you think it is!
Since the position on the bike and the setup of the bike to support that position are the two defining differences between a road bike and a triathlon bike, what about all the aero tubing on some frames and the round tubes on others? Some frame manufacturers advertise how fast their frames are based on wind tunnel testing, but I think that is a lot of marketing hype for the most part. Here is a critical fact: The part of the time trial or triathlon bike that creates the most drag is the rider! The frame is inside the boundary layer and as such doesn't make as big a contribution to aerodynamics as one might think.
The concept of a boundary layer is a tough one so imagine the air right next to you going the speed you are, and at a certain point away from your body (and the bike) the air is undisturbed. There is a "layer" of air that transitions from no disturbance to actually going your speed, as the layer of air molecules that touch your skin are doing. The stuff in between is the "boundary layer." In my industrial design career, I remember designing a part that went on a boeing 777, and I remember learning the boundary layer was 13" thick at the point in question. This means that the 2" part that was sticking out of the fuselage had virtually no real aerodynamic detriment!
What all this means is, a road bike with aero tubing still won't be as fast as a triathlon bike with round tubing, assuming the rider has a good position! What this also means is, the aerobars, fork and front wheel have a huge impact on aerodynamics as they are outside the boundary layer. Some very fast ironman finishes occur with people riding round tube triathlon bikes, but you can bet they are positioned correctly and have good wheels, aerobars and front fork.
At the end of the day, there is a lot to a good triathlon bike. The first thing, positioning, is the most critical. Second, great wheels are important. Third, having a good set of integrated aerobars that have the shifters at the ends of the aerobars is important. Next, hydration. Frame bottles or aerobar bottles / hydration systems are much better than those behind the saddle. You have to move around to reach back and get those saddle mounted bottles, so that is an area that could yield good results.
Triathletes are in charge of all of the aspects for all three disciplines in the sport. The bike is so critical and yet so overlooked it is not surprising that much bad information travels around the transition area. When you are sitting around the cooler after a race, and someone says that "Brand X" bike won 10 ironman's, remember, the bike frame didn't win the race. The athlete did, who had the best time in all three legs!
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A quality employment assessment must include multiple safeguards designed to ensure data authenticity and system functionality
One winter morning I fulfilled one of my least favorite household duties by stepping outside in the early dawn chill to set out the trash. The wind greeted my Saturday morning stubble with a familiar slap in the face. With plumes of white smoke billowing from my lungs with every breath, I quickly remembered why I had delegated this chore to my oldest son. One word came to me-"BRRRR!" It took all of three steps to realize that I lacked adequate protection from the elements. Without the proper layers of insulation, I was at the mercy of whatever this cold Saturday morning decided to throw at me.
Some selection systems can leave you feeling exposed. Just as your body requires more coverage in the winter, it is imperative that your assessment process is properly outfitted to meet the elements of the 21st century job market and offer the highest level of protection.
How can an assessment system protect your interests? Organizations need protection from the following elements:
Misrepresentations made by new job candidates
The hiring of high-risk candidates
Concerns over the legality of the overall hiring process
When an assessment system offers all of the features mentioned on these pages, the organization can be more confident in its hiring decisions and in the unassailable legality of the process.
This article describes assessment design elements-represented symbolically by articles of clothing-that human resource leaders should look for to ensure they are getting maximum protection from a pre-employment assessment system. Grab your mug of hot chocolate and a warm blanket, toss a log on the fire, and spend some time enhancing your wardrobe to include specific layers of technology that will shelter you from the elements as you leverage your selection process to hire top talent.
Boots: Profiles Provide Traction to the Selection Process
In an assessment system, the definition of a profile can be simply stated as any guideline that candidates are matched against to determine their suitability for the job. There are three approaches, or types, of profiles:
The-Higher-the-Better - this approach, though not technically a profile, assumes that more of a behavioral characteristic is always better. There are many drawbacks to this approach, but we will focus on the issue of obtaining accurate information from candidates. Simply put, if candidates know you are looking for more, they will tend to select responses that reflect more for each question. This approach does not provide you with the assurance of high quality responses from candidates.
Best Practice - the best practice profile relies on normative data (average across many companies) to create an optimum range for the dimension being measured. The down side is that it is a one-size-fits-all approach that does not capture the unique requirements of the position or the culture of your organization (see below).
Custom Ideal Profile - This type of profile reflects the behavioral makeup of the ideal candidate for your organization by first determining the optimum range for the dimension being measured through analysis of your incumbent employees (those already working in the target position) and then assigning a "weight," or level of importance, to every behavioral dimension being measured.
Of these three profile types, the custom ideal profile is recommended to provide the most protection.
Think of a custom ideal profile as a pair of warm boots. Custom ideal profiles should be fundamental components in your overall selection system just as warm boots are a vital part of your wardrobe on a cold day. The protective qualities of custom ideal profiles stem from their use of actual data from incumbents in a specific position, company, and industry, as well as the weighted values for each dimension.
Like snowflakes, no two custom ideal profiles are exact duplicates. In fact, similar job titles in two different companies are most often very different behaviorally across a large variety of dimensions.
Allow me to illustrate this point using another winter activity. In the snowmobile sales industry, dealerships employ salespeople to guide prospective clients through the shopping and buying process. One dealership may place a high value on "number of units sold." All of their focus, training, bonus structures, and incentive programs are geared toward selling a high volume of snowmobiles. Success in this type of sales position requires behavioral traits that drive rapid sales cycles from first contact to closing. Conversely, a dealership across town may place more emphasis on profit margin. Higher profits may be derived from selling models that are more expensive and adding multiple upgrades like a larger engine, more chrome, added accessories, special paint options, etc. This specific sales role requires a slower, more consultative sales approach. Successful salespeople would possess behavioral characteristics that encourage relationships, up-selling, and "quality over quantity." Both are sales roles, and both are in the same industry, but the two positions call for very different types of people, and therefore very different custom ideal profiles.
Like a good pair of boots, you need a custom ideal profile to keep you on firm footing and to steer your selection process well clear of some common misconceptions.
Misconception #1: "I can find an answer key that will tell me the correct answers to this assessment."
A valid assessment tool provides multiple-choice responses for several questions related to any one of dozens of dimensions. This results in a large number of ways to arrive at a value for a single dimension. Therefore, there are no right or wrong answers.
In an assessment system that uses custom ideal profiles, every candidate is matched against a unique profile. Custom ideal profiles are built on assessed incumbents and performance data in the position, so there is no way for a candidate to know how much or how little of one characteristic is important for the role.
When using custom ideal profiles, candidates have no knowledge of the on-the-job importance assigned to any given dimension. The importance of each dimension is crucial because to ensure a desirable score, you would have to align your responses perfectly to the dimensions with the highest priority. Interestingly, the actual importance of a dimension is often counterintuitive to a candidate's logical assumption.
In a well-designed system, candidates can only speculate which questions relate to which behavioral dimension, and what the best answer might be. This difficulty increases exponentially when a custom ideal profile is built on a large number of dimensions.
Misconception #2: "I will have a friend with more experience take the assessment for me who will score 'better.'"
A friend's responses are no more "correct" or "incorrect" than the true candidate's responses. Keep in mind that there should be no "right" or "wrong" answer. Everyone is a "fit" somewhere, and the custom ideal profile process is designed to match candidates that are the best fit for specific jobs. Having someone else take the assessment does not increase a candidate's chances because the friend may not be a good fit to the role.
By having a friend take the assessment, the candidate is at a serious disadvantage during the interview process. A good assessment generates interview questions and discussion topics directly from the candidate's responses in relation to the custom ideal profile. To see this charade through to the end, the candidate would have to force their friend to impersonate him in the face-to-face interview as well!
Pants: Technical Documentation and Predictive Studies Supply Strong Legs to Stand On
Documenting that your assessment system actually does what it is supposed to do is as important to your protection level as pants are to someone exposed to the cold. Established assessment vendors should provide support materials that prove the system is legally valid, that it guards against various forms of candidate misrepresentation, and that it has historically measured what it was tasked to measure. This technical documentation-historical and client-specific-makes up the two "legs" in our hypothetical pair of pants.
Our first "leg" is the assessment system's technical manual. It should provide the following samples of technical documentation:
Instrument Validation, or a detailed historical overview of how the assessment system was developed
Criterion Validity in the form of concurrent validation studies (incumbents are assessed and performance data is collected at the same time, or concurrently)
Post-deployment performance and turnover studies, which should document a reduction in turnover, an increase in good performance, or both
A thorough discussion of Adverse Impact, which support the instrument's fairness and objectivity across the entire audience of candidates, regardless of race, sex, or age
These technical studies document how the assessment system has accurately linked on-the-job performance with the primary characteristics of incumbents in the role. You should expect to see data compiled over many years and millions of candidates.
You might be asking this question: "The technical manual offers proof that the assessment has worked historically for other companies, but how do I collect that type of proof for my company?" That question brings us to the second "leg" of technical documentation: predictive studies within your organization.
The best way to ensure that an assessment system protects you functionally and legally is to allow the assessment vendor to use your data, your incumbents, and your new candidates to produce two types of predictive validation studies.
Concurrent validation studies occur after the creation of a custom ideal profile. The objective is to establish a relationship between the performance data of your incumbents and the assessment system results.
Post-deployment studies are conducted once an assessment has been in use for a sufficient time (generally one year to allow for an optimum rollout strategy and to collect quality data). The objective is to study the historical, predictive qualities of the assessment system in identifying higher performers and/or reducing turnover. Upon completion of the post-deployment study, adjustments can be made for future improvements, and observations of utility can be observed as well.
By analyzing the assessment system's ability to identify strong candidates and high-risk candidates, you will gain documented proof of its effectiveness. In fact, in time you will collect a mountain of scientific evidence that proves you are protected by the system's technical design and your custom ideal profiles. This data will equip you with the documentation to address any misconceptions related to the effectiveness of your assessment system.
Misconception #3: "High scores on assessments do not correlate to top performers."
Before choosing an assessment system, review the technical manual to be sure there is plenty of data proving the assessment's ability to protect the client, identify a better quality of hire, and maintain legality.
Require vendors to conduct concurrent validation studies as a standard part of your validation process. This means that each new custom ideal profile has "paperwork" that establishes the relationship between performance and the related assessment scores.
When time and hiring volume permit, conduct a post-deployment study to better understand the effectiveness of the assessment system in terms of employee selection, improved performance, and/or reduction in turnover.
Gloves: Fairness in One Hand, Objectivity in the Other
As I watched speed skating during the Winter Olympics, I noticed all of the different styles of body suits. Each was designed to keep the participant warm while simultaneously reducing wind drag and giving the athlete a slight advantage over the competition. In a similar way, some job seekers look to gain an advantage over others. There is one big difference: the Olympic committee keeps athletes in check, but no committee is in place to ensure that job seekers are being honest and providing the most accurate information.
To make sure accurate information is gathered, companies go to great lengths to verify employment history, check references, and even review or authenticate certifications. Some executives may be concerned about maintaining fairness and reducing the chances for a candidate to provide inaccurate information to obtain employment (a practice referred to as "gaming" the system). We should examine two important questions regarding the issue of gaming: Does gaming actually help the candidate? How does the assessment system address the issue?
First and foremost, creating a custom ideal profile greatly enhances the security of an online assessment process. As discussed above, each custom ideal profile is based on the actual performance data of those who are currently in the role, and there are no two alike. This makes it virtually impossible for anyone to manipulate the system to get a preferred score. Additionally, custom ideal profiles standardize the process so everyone is compared evenly and fairly. All candidates are evaluated against a unique, position-specific profile using unbiased, scientific, and objective criteria.
Research exists that helps us better understand the reality of the candidate gaming issue. Some people may have the opinion that those who try to inflate their scores will actually get higher scores. However, the facts indicate the opposite. The research of Arthur et al. (2009) related to the use of profiles includes a study of over 300 job candidates who took a cognitive assessment when applying for a job.(1) The original assessment represented a high-stakes opportunity for this group of job hunters. Over a year later, this same group of 300 took the assessment again, but this time the employees knew the scores had no bearing on employment.
The results showed that the overall average score was higher on the post-employment tests than on the original pre-employment tests (d =.39). Practically, the research showed that the number of those possibly gaming the system was between 0% (at the lowest) to a potential maximum of 7.7%. The research went on to state that even this small number is most likely inflated because those labeled as gamers may have been unmotivated the second time around, therefore causing scores to naturally decrease.
Statistically, attempts at gaming will most likely occur in every organization. To keep that practice from becoming widespread and successfully inflating scores in your organization's hiring process, your assessment should be working 24/7 to minimize the gamers' impact.
Understanding the facts around your selection process will help protect your candidates from another inaccurate misconception.
Misconception #4: "Because people cheat, the assessment is not fair."
A sound assessment system is legally a very fair and objective tool in the hiring process. Although attempts at cheating are always possible, a quality assessment is designed to protect the hiring organization, maintain hiring fairness and objectivity, and to minimize the impact of those who choose to try their luck gaming the system.
Now that you know that some gaming may be going on among those in the candidate pool, you should also know what a good assessment system does to minimize the gamers' impact on your hiring decisions.
A Good Coat: Keeping Authenticity In and Distortion Out
Winter fashion trends include many brand names of coats. We often find that quality is related to the brand name of the coat purchased. I once had a proud shopping moment when I purchased a brand-name coat at a deep discount. I excitedly took it home to show it off and quickly found my shopping prowess was greatly overrated. As I looked closer at the coat, I found the name of the well-known brand to be misspelled. To my surprise, I had not received a deep discount on a quality coat, but only a fair price on an inferior "knock-off" product that was not as warm.
When searching for the best job candidates, be sure that you are receiving the most accurate assessment data and not settling for inferior results. A high-quality assessment system should have protective safeguards in place to help identify anyone who is not providing the most accurate data.
A primary safeguard against gaming is actually built into the custom ideal profiles. Candidates attempting to game the system exaggerate their actual preferences, or present themselves to be someone they are not, which may be detrimental to the candidate. Custom ideal profiles are inherently unique and specifically designed to represent an intricate pattern of behaviors. Anyone who does not provide authentic responses actually decreases their likelihood of obtaining a preferred score. To study this concept, 100,000 job applicants in 39 unique companies across 102 different profiles were analyzed by PeopleAnswers. The data showed that those who misrepresented themselves were 4.5 times more likely to receive a "Not Recommended" rating.(2)
Having confidence in the information you collect from candidates gives you the peace of mind that you are seeing the real behaviors of that person. At this level of protection, you can deflate misconceptions related to candidates attempting to game their way through the assessment.
Misconception #5: "I can fake my way through the assessment by guessing at the answers the employer wants to see."
Research shows that job hunters are more likely to find suitable positions by indicating, through honest responses to the assessment, who they are, not who they think the employer wants them to be.
A Warm Hat: Establishing a Controlled Assessment Experience
Your uncovered head is a primary culprit for losing body heat on a cold day. Likewise, the "head" of an assessment, or the initial entry point, is where you can set the stage to ensure the assessment collects the best data. Keep three initial points of entry in mind to maximize the protective features of a good assessment system:
The first page of instructions
A controlled-access format
A multiple-form design
The instructions on the opening page of any assessment should introduce the candidate to an efficient, no-nonsense employment tool that should be taken seriously to obtain the best results.
Instructions should also convey the seriousness of the assessment portion of the selection process. Assessments should indicate that falsification of any documentation requested by the employer most often leads to an immediate removal of the candidate from the selection process. Therefore, it is good practice to make sure the candidate understands the important nature of the assessment, especially when using an assessment tool that is designed to identify attempts to manipulate the data.
To better understand the importance of assessment instructions, consider a PeopleAnswers study of 55,303 candidates under six different experimental conditions where the instructions were altered in various ways. The objective was to study different methods for presenting warnings in hopes of reducing candidate misrepresentations (referred to as "distortion"). Findings showed a significant reduction in distortion after candidates were told that the assessment system had the ability to detect anomalies in the data and that such information would be provided to the company for which they were applying.(3) This illustrates how the initial assessment instructions play a major role in collecting high-quality candidate data.
Another control factor available with some assessments is the "one shot" approach. In other words, the candidate has one shot at the assessment, with no access to subsequent testing sessions. Would you allow a candidate to completely change their application information on a second attempt at obtaining employment? Think about the confusion it would cause if a candidate stated on their application that they had one year of sales experience. Six weeks later, he or she comes back claiming ten years of sales experience. Which answer is the truth?
Controlling entry into the assessment system can greatly improve the likelihood of a high-quality data collection session while providing another layer of protection. Candidates should be allowed one assessment session, and only under specific and documented instances should a candidate be allowed to retest. Logging in and out is acceptable for non-timed assessments, but once they have completed the assessment, the results should remain unchanged. Trial-and-error behavior only encourages candidates to guess, then re-guess, then guess again, hoping to eventually find the right combination of answers. The best bet for job candidates is to offer the most accurate version of their behavioral preferences the first time-especially since some assessments do not allow candidates to retest and try to generate different results.
Another method some assessments use to promote security and control the testing process is to utilize multiple forms. Some systems achieve this by creating many versions of the same assessment that provide statistically identical results. The advantage to this approach is that the various assessment forms are equivalent but not exactly alike. If one person took two forms of an assessment, the final scores would be the same, with the results extracted from answers to different questions along the way.
By attempting to leverage as many of these techniques as possible, you are able to respond with confidence to the following misconception.
Misconception #6: "I can game the system by repeating the test several times."
A well-designed system does not allow you to re-enter and take the assessment repeatedly. Once the system identifies that you have taken the assessment on a prior occasion, it applies those results to the new job profile. This eliminates the opportunity for candidates to enter and re-enter the assessment environment.
Multiple forms randomly presented to each candidate inhibit an individual's ability to obtain or create an answer key. Candidates receive one of many variations of the testing content.
A timed, cognitive assessment limits a person's ability to cheat or gain an advantage.
Dress Your Assessment for Success
Whether your organization's job postings attract 30 or 30,000 candidates, it pays to have a pre-employment assessment that extracts accurate data while protecting you from the elements. Do not be caught in a blizzard of job applications without a tool that legally and fairly protects you from distortion, cheating, or other methods of gaming the system.
Summary
The following section summarizes all the features to consider when determining if an assessment system is equipped to protect you from the elements.
Types of Profiles
"The-Higher-the-Better" Profiles
Best Practice Profiles
Custom Ideal Profiles
Historical Documentation: Technical Manual
Instrument Validation
Criterion Validity
Post-Deployment Studies
Adverse Impact Data
Client-Specific Documentation: Predictive Studies
Concurrent Validity
Post-Deployment Studies
Can Candidates Successfully "Game" the System?
Distortion Safeguards
Profile Type in Use
Documented Distortion Testing
Controlled Entry Points
Assessment Instructions
Unlimited or Restricted Candidate Access
Multiple Test Forms
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It's a myth that muscles, strength and endurance require the consumption of large quantities of animal-based foods. This myth began before anyone even talked about protein. During the Olympics, it's a good time to take a look at some amazing athletes who are champions and vegetarians:
Charlene Wong is a champion figure skater who represented Canada in the 1988 Calgary Olympics. She began competing at the age of 6 and in 1980 was named to the Canadian Team and represented Canada in the Junior World Championships. She was highlighted in The Vegetarian Sports Nutrition Guide by Lisa Dorfman. Paavo Nurmi, a Finnish runner, was a vegetarian since the age of 12. He is often considered the greatest track and field athlete of all time. A long-distance runner, he competed in the 1920, 1924 and 1928 Olympics, winning 12 Olympic medals. Chris Campbell, wrestler, trained for the 1980 Olympics but did not compete as the American team boycotted the 1980 Moscow Olympics. At age 37, he began training again and secured a place on the US team, winning a bronze medal at the 1992 Olympics, becoming the oldest American to medal in Olympic wrestling. He says, "I take care of my body. I don't eat meat, and I do yoga every day. It makes a difference." Carl Lewis, vegan athlete, won 10 Olympic medals, including 9 golds, in a career that spanned from 1979 to 1996, competing for the US. He said, "most athletes have the worst diet in the world, and they compete in spite of it." Surya Bonaly, professional figure skater, represented France in the Olympics of 1992, 1994, and 1998. She is also now a US citizen. A vegetarian, she has appeared in PETA ads protesting Canada's baby seal hunt and English and French fur trade. Debbie Lawrence, vegetarian racewalker, has been a three-time Olympian (1992, 1996, and 2000) and is the world record holder for the women's 5K racewalk event. She attributes her success to hard work and a vegetarian diet. Murray Rose, a vegetarian since birth, has six Olympic medals. He was born in 1939 in Nairn, Scotland, but he moved to Australia with his family at an early age. He was an Olympic champion at age seventeen. He was known for his vegetarianism during his career, earning him the nickname, "The Seaweed Streak." He competed in the Olympics from 1956 through 1960, winning six medals. Al Oerter, discus thrower, won four Olympic gold medals for the US - in 1956, 1960, 1964. He was also an abstract painter. Edwin Moses, hurdler for the US, is a gold medalist who went eight years without losing the 400-meter hurdle. Over his career, he won two Olympic gold medals. After retirement from track, he in completed in a 1990 World Cup bobsled race in Germany and won the two-man bronze medal with US Olympian Brian Shimer. Edwin Moses is a vegetarian. Leroy Burrell, sprinter, twice set the world record for the 100 meter sprint. He won a gold medal for the US in 1992 in Barcelona. He is a vegetarian.
As stated in "Vegetarian Diets" by the International Center for Sports Nutrition, Olympic Coach Magazine, Winter 1997:
"If care is taken to include a wide variety of foods, vegetarian diets can be nutritionally adequate to support athletic performance."
"Whether an individual is a recreational or world-class athlete, being a vegetarian does not diminish natural talent or athletic performance. As far back as the Ancient Games, Greek athletes trained on vegetarian diets and displayed amazing ability in competitive athletics."
Looking at these 10 vegetarian Olympic athletes, it's clear that the need to eat meat to be strong and a champion is a myth. A whole foods, plant-based diet will give an athlete all the excellent nutrition he or she needs to be a winner.
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